History and Legacy of Jazz Music Essay - 1001 Words

In the 1920s, through the streets of New Orleans, a familiar sound could be heard escaping from the walls of the night clubs. The sultry saxophone solos and the strange scatting selections filled the air. The style was new and spontaneous. This new genre incorporated the styles from gospel hymns, blues, and ragtime, yet was completely different in its own way. The sound, with its new techniques that gave it a raw uniqueness, was able to capture Americas curiousness, and make many fall head over heels for the new infectious sound. It drew in people from any age, race, and social status. This new genre was called jazz, and it became so popular that an era was named after it. Jazz is a blend of African American spiritual folk songs and†¦show more content†¦Another factor that makes Jazz music so distinctive is its alternating rhythms. In jazz, the rhythm or beat of the music is often sped up of slowed down at different parts of the piece to increase the mood the musician wishes to display through the song (Matthews). Because jazz was so heavily influenced by ragtime and blues, their styles were brought out during the times the artist wanted to convey different messages. For example, if the song was upbeat and happy, then the ragtime style was used. According to Rose Blue and Corinne J. Naden, ragtime is â€Å"A musical form in which the right hand plays the melody while the left hand makes â€Å"stompy† sounds on the keys.† In Jazz, however, the beats are often off count which differentiates it from Ragtime. If the jazz musician wanted to bring out the sorrow of the song he or she would approach the song with more of the Blues style (Blue and Naden). One jazz song could incorporate both the blues and the ragtime styles, which is what made this genre so unique to other genres that came before it. Rhythms are so important in Jazz because the musician has the ability to change the tempo or mood of the song at any time. Since so many of the songs during the Jazz Age were performed so many times by many different artists, Jazz musicians often reshaped the rhythms during the song to express their own individuality in the song. According to Dr. Marshall Stearns, who was an Associate Professor of English Literature atShow MoreRelatedLouis Armstrong : The Greatest Jazz Artist1087 Words   |  5 PagesLouis â€Å"Satchmo† Armstrong One of the greatest in Jazz music history Louis Armstrong, a man of many talents and skills his occupation ranging from singer, film star, soloist, comedian, bandleader, and most importantly a jazz trumpeter with his thrilling performances; being recognized as one of the greatest jazz artist in history. Louis Armstrong is considered one of the most influential jazz artists capturing the people’s attention with his â€Å"daring trumpet style and vocals†. Developing his skillsRead MoreThe Most Influential Jazz Artists History And Thee Most Important Figure Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagesone of the most influential jazz artists history and thee most important figure in jazz history. From the 1920’s all the way through the 1960’s, Armstrong had a very illustrious career. Armstrong was a composer, instrumentalist, arranger and a singer. Giving him many ways to have an everlasting legacy in music. He innovated many different styles and excelled in many different eras of jazz. Armstrong made an abundan t of contributions to jazz ranging from new styles of jazz including a new way of singingRead MoreThe Original Dixieland Jazz Band Influence715 Words   |  3 PagesThe Original Dixieland Jazz Band Influence The Original Dixieland Jazz Band, although not the first of many jazz musicians, made a big impact on jazz community by popularizing the culture of jazz throughout the nation. They consisted of five members from New Orleans: Nick LaRocca, leader and cornet; Larry Shields, clarinet; Tony Sbarbaro, drums; Eddie Edwards, trombone; and Henry Ragas (replaced by Russel Robinson), piano. The grouped gained popularity around the 1910s-20s. They gained popularityRead MoreJazz Music: Bebop Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the most artistic styles of jazz music. Bebop gradually developed during the 1940’s. Bebop focused more on the freedom of creativity rather than rhythmic aspects. According to The Bop Era, it also gave soloists more room for â€Å"innovative improvisation† (Glass). Through the works of Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, and other players we will discover how Bebop became such a prominent style during this era. Bebop is a â€Å"genre of American music originated in New Orleans around theRead MoreThe Most Popular Instrument of All Time: The Trumpet Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, music has changed. 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In 1963Davis formed a new quintet including the talents of Herbie Hancock, RonRead MoreComparative Analysis : The Great Miles Davis1549 Words   |  7 PagesComparative Analysis Throughout Jazz history there has never been an artist that it has changed the sound of jazz several times. He challenged himself and encouraged others to go on diverse paths to create sounds and rhythmic patterns. This distinct musical innovator that influenced jazz beyond its limits is the great Miles Davis. Davis was born on May 25, 1926, in Alton, Illinois. But, he grew up in East St. Louis, Illinois. His father was dental surgeon, therefore they never had any financialRead MoreMost Influential Jazz Singer, Billie Holiday693 Words   |  3 PagesAmerican cultural movement specifically in creative arts such as music and literature. Jazz represented the flavor and zest of African American culture in the 1920s-1940s. Billie Holiday had a great impact on the Harlem Renaissance because she was one of the most influential jazz singers of all time. She performed with other great jazz musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Teddy Wilson, Jo Jones, and Henry Allen. Her career as a jazz singer was an incredible and thriving one, however, it was shortenedRead MoreDuke Ellington Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesDuke Ellington Duke Ellingtons pre-eminence in jazz is not only because of the very high aesthetic standard of his output and not simply due to his remarkable abilities as a pianist, composer and bandleader, but also to the fact that he has extended the boundaries of jazz more than any other musician, without abandoning the true essence of the music. Perhaps no other American musician left such a massive and challenging legacy in composition and performance. Edward Kennedy Duke EllingtonRead MoreMusic Is Exceptionally Powerful And Meaningful To People1353 Words   |  6 PagesMusic is exceptionally powerful and meaningful to people worldwide as it serves as an expression of emotion. Authors of various literary works integrate music into their stories. In Baldwin s short story, Sonny s Blues, jazz music is an important part of the story that explores the life of one of the main characters, Sonny. During the time this short story was written, Charlie Parker, an influential jazz musician that is briefly acknowledged in the story, had an immense following. Charlie Parker

Plato s The Republic The Myth Of The Three Metals Essay

In Plato’s The Republic, Plato uses a central story, the myth of the three metals, to illustrate his ideas as a whole. The myth of the three metals is based off of the story that Mother Nature invented all human beings and created these human beings by utilizing different metals. The three metals utilized were gold, silver, iron or bronze. From these metals, each person was born into the role they would presume in society. Gold represents the guardians, who are governed by reason, making them suitable to rule. Silver depicts the auxiliaries, who are guided by spirit, predisposing them to be guards. The final metals are iron or bronze, which share the same traits. Iron or bronze displays the farmers and other craftsmen, who are led by their appetites, creating the physical laborers in the society. Plato believes that the myth of three metals will create the perfectly ideal society, that also allows people to realize what being just means. Work on thesis statement Throughout Plato’s explanations, he utilizes the myth of the three metals to provide justification for the class system which he believes will create a perfect society. As Plato idealizes, each metal represents a specific class in society. â€Å"â€Å"Appropriately so. Nevertheless, listen to the rest of the story. â€Å"All of you in the city are brothers,† we’ll say to them in telling our story, â€Å"but the god who made you mixed some gold into those who are adequately equipped to rule, because they are most valuable.†Ã¢â‚¬ Show MoreRelatedJustice Is The Legal Or Philosophical Theory Of Justice1503 Words   |  7 Pagesout by the Ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his work The Republic. Plato was highly dissatisfied with the prevailing degenerating conditions in Athens. The Athenian democracy was on the verge of ruin and was ultimately responsible for Socrates’ death – his mentor. Plato saw in justice the only remedy of saving Ath ens from decay and ruin. Evidently, factors such as amateurishness, political selfishness and excessive individualism became main targets of Plato s attack which were rampant in the GreekRead MorePlatos Philosophy and Works1915 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Prompt: Book X of the Republic does not reflect the rest of Platos work. On the one hand, Plato stages a final showdown between philosophy and literature (or myth). On the other hand, the book concludes with the elaborate legend of Ers journey into the afterlife creating a determining myth factor. The prompt invites one to make sense of this contradiction. What is the point of the final myth? What does Plato manage to convey through it that he wasnt able to show or persuade with the philosophicalRead MoreIs Plato s The Republic? Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pageshave similar influences on people. One such text is Plato’s The Republic. As said by Professor Jon Dorbolo of Oregon State University, â€Å"The Republic is considere d by many to be Plato s masterwork. It certainly is one of the most important texts of political theory.† While reading this text, several different messages begin to reveal themselves throughout the text. Some of the most important ideas that can be found within Plato’s Republic, include, humans are inherently good, people should perform tasksRead MoreComparing Aristotle and Plato Essays1325 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Aristotle and Plato Aristotle argues that in order for a polis to emerge, a union between man and women must convene. Later a household must be introduced which unites with other households to form a village, villages come together to form city-states. This theory is Aristotle’s natural view that an individual can not be self sufficient Plato argues that, in order to achieve absolute justice, a city-state is needed. In The Republic, Plato builds around the idea of Philosopher RulersRead MoreThe Statement For The Politics Of Plato s Kallipolis2360 Words   |  10 Pageswhere persuasion is most powerful Question: The analogy Socrates and his companions make between the just city and the just person falls apart on close inspection. The commoners and auxiliaries are persuaded by the myth of the metals that the guardians are best suited to rule, but it s nonsensical to believe that spirit and appetite can be persuaded of anything. After all, they are merely constituent parts of the soul (the parts lacking a deliberative capacity). Only a fully formed human beingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Republic And George Orwell s 1984 Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesYeltayeva 25/10/2015 Plato’s â€Å"Republic† and George Orwell’s â€Å"1984†: two sides of one medal Plato’s â€Å"Republic† and Orwell’s â€Å"1984† represent two imaginary engineered societies. â€Å"Republic† is an utopia, in which Plato describes the goal of the city, which is to be as happy as possible, even if it requires a sacrifice of a particular group’s happiness or individual’s one . Orwell’s â€Å"1984† influenced by the outcome of the World War II and dropped atomic bombs made the leaders of three states’ in his book toRead MoreTime Of Tutorial : Over Reliance On Fictions Made Socrates1559 Words   |  7 Pagesspecial case is his idea and understanding of justice. Unlike many thinkers of his time, Socrates claimed that justice is making sure that people get all and only what they deserve. According to him, Justice is the act of minding one’s own business (Plato, 433b). He argued that all human actions are driven by self-interest which is the main cause of injustice in the society. In order to distinguish what is just and unjust, Socrates had to use many stories based on imagination. Use of fictions and liesRead MorePlato Vs Aristotle On Politics And Philosophy1899 Words   |  8 PagesPlato versus Aristotle Plato and Aristotle, two philosophers in the 4th century, hold polar views on politics and philosophy in general. This fact is very cleverly illustrated by Raphael s School of Athens (1510-11; Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican), where Plato is portrayed looking up to the higher forms; and Aristotle is pointing down because he supports the natural sciences. In a discussion of politics, the stand point of each philosopher becomes an essential factor. It is not coincidental thatRead MoreThe Main Elements Of Society For Aristotle And Plato1962 Words   |  8 PagesProvence Barnouin 10/14/16 Prof. Hittinger Contemporary Civilization: Idea Paper 1 Households (or families) are one of the key elements of society for both Aristotle and Plato. Family is the first form in society of association between men as it answers man’s natural needs, and instincts. As Aristotle explains, the coupling â€Å"which necessity gives rise [to] is that between those who are unable to exist without one another,† in other words man is a being that is, by nature, social and politicalRead MoreThe President Of The United States Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesat noble lie? A simple answer yes, a more complex answer America has been fed a misconception disguised as a lie. The origins of the noble lies can be traced back to Ancient Greece, around 380 BC, where it was first written about in Plato’s The Republic. Socrates, Plato’s teacher, believed that to have an harmonious society a untruth must be told in order to invoke sentiments of patriotism among citizens. Moreover, this installment of patriotism insures that the citizens never question who should

Single Party States Notes free essay sample

Single Party States notes From: Topic 3- Themes and Exams Tips Chapter: â€Å"Origins and development of authoritarian and single party states† â€Å"What constitutes an authoritarian or single-party state? † Country or state to be classed as an authoritarian or single party state: * Only one legal political party A leader chosen by or from the military following a revolution * Group or leader that controls the state even though there are existing parties * Jean Kirkpatrick (US ambassador-United Nations) once expressed that authoritarian state was â€Å"better than† a totalitarian state- a chance that it would move towards democracy (p. o. v expressed during the Cold War) Characteristics in common- authoritarian or single-party: * Little-no freedom of speech * No freedom of: * Assembly (government must approve meetings) * To travel abroad No idependent judicial system * All sources of information censored * Any idea against the regime will be harshly punished (op position to them) * â€Å"A leader whose popularity is reinforced by personality cult† Not all states the share charactersistcs some are less oppressive but they all share the strict control over the freedom of the people and use different methods to hold on to power. We will write a custom essay sample on Single Party States Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The age of Kings and Emperors ended with WWI 20th century one of the bloodiest century in history- includes 2 major world wars Left and right wing: Left- wing: Describes the single party, leaders and states that are communist or socialist. Example: Nasser, Stalin, Mao, Castro and Neyerere Right wing: Most fascist leaders of the 20th century began their political careers as members of socialist parties. Fascist leaders and states – right wing Examples: Hitler, Mussoluni and Franco Policies supportive of capitalism as an economic system, ultra nationalist, some cases they promoted religion as a way to unite the people. Right wing ideologies| Left wing ideologies| Facism (in Italy and Nazism-Germany) * Socialist (intended to appeal lower classes) * Strongly nationalistic and considered communism to be a threat| * Widespread ideology (20th C) was communism * â€Å"All people are equal† * â€Å"No private property to protect† * Will to bring the ideal state| Socialism: Characteristics: redistribution of wealth through taxation, the state owns the major industries like coal and steel, the state owns the â€Å"mon opolies† such as the water, transportation and communications, free education and health care for all. This criterion became known as ‘welfare state’. (Gov. hould control ensure the basic standard living for al citizens) Stages of communism: 1) Primitive communisms: â€Å"No monopoly over the means of production† 2) Feudalism: â€Å"Agricultural-based communities developed into kingdoms and powerful rulers took ownership of the land and the people who farmed it† 3) Capitalism: â€Å"commercial activities- trading in manufactured goods† 4) Communism: no private properties, people contribute with their skills, taking only what they needed. No laws to protect wealth and property From States, Governments and Ideologies: The State: * Sovereign state: is independent of all others Way in which is governed- Constitution: basic laws- lay down the power and duties of many institutions and officials of government * Rule of law * Arbitrary government * Sovereignty * States -3 kinds: Unitary states, federal and confederations * Held state – embodies the nation and represents it * Monarchy, republic * Legitimacy, device right of kings (constitutional monarchs) president (republic state) Government: * â€Å"Those persons and institution of state which exercise the power in accordance with the constitution† * Head of the state head of the government (prime ministers) * Executive, cabinet Legislative—making laws (unicameral, bicameral) * Separation of powers, presidential system of government, parliamentary system of government Changes of Government By legal means: (elections) majority system and proportional system—coalition By force: rebellion, revolution, provisional government, co nstituent assembly, new constitution, and peaceful revolution Political Ideologies:( framework theories) Implicit ideologies (propaganda designed etc) * Conservatism * Liberalism Reformist Ideologies: critique of existing society, describe the ideal society would be like, prescriptions from the living situation to the ideal * Socialism: reaction to injustices of the capitalist economic system (social democrats, syndicalist, revolutionary socialists) Marxism: â€Å"an industrialized society, the working class would revolt and take over the ruling class, and would in effect, create a classes society * Anarchism: fight against the order, don’t want any authority Incomplete Ideologies: * Racism * Nationalism * Social Darwinism From: Authoritarianism, Fascism and Totalitarianism Authoritarianism,| Fascism| Totalitarianism| * Ruled by threat or fear * â€Å"Black or white† posture (in or out) * Outlawed the opposition * Enforce their control by torture, execution, etc. * Motivated by patriotism * Resorting law and order * Defending country against the threat of Bolshevism * Leading a regeneration of the nation * Employed and censored the media| * Lower middle class radicalism * Deliberate diversion of the workers * Radical populist solution to the problem of restoring the â€Å"hegemony† of the dominant class| * Subordinate all aspects od the individual’s life to the authority of the gov. Official ideology * Single mass party * Terroristic police control of the population * Monopoly control of the media * Monopoly control of the arms * Central control of the economyâ€Å"worthless- creation of Cold War propaganda- designed to tie the Soviet system together with that of the Nazis† – some historians|

Statistical Analysis Online Mode of Education

Question: Discuss about the Statistical Analysis Online Mode of Education. Answer: Introduction: The current study outlines the current trends in America on the online mode of education. In the recent years the higher education sectors has witnessed upward surge in growth and expansion. There is large number of universities in United States that offers online mode of education. Numerous statistical tools has been undertaken to evaluate the quality of the education imparted in these universities and colleges (Afifi and Azen 2014). The existing report provides a brief description of the analysis undertaken through using several statistical tools. The data obtained represents the graduation rates and rate of retention of students in the universities. Objectives of this study: The major objective of this study is to assess the quality of the education imparted by the universities in United States. Background of the study: Currently the higher education sector in United States is undergoing several challenges over the last few years. The online mode of education is considered as the most sought after mode of imparting lessons in the recent days. Several universities have adopted online mode of education across United States. It is noteworthy to denote that the techniques adopted to impart learnings are also regarded as highly efficient in those universities. The online mode of education saves time as student living in distant places can gain access to study material and other materials associated with course through the help of internet (Deshpandeet al. 2016). The report highlights the quality of online mode of study in Universities in being understood. The report lays down the notion concerning the method of data collection along with the analysis of data as well. Following the analysis interpretation is also performed in the given report. Methods implemented for Analysis: The current report uses the data collected from 29 universities of United States. The collected represents that rate of retention along with the rate of graduation for the two universities. Statistical tools such as measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion have been used to assess the data obtained. Comparative study has been conducted to evaluate and measure both the variables, as this will help in gaining notion regarding the quality of the techniques used to impart online mode of study in these universities. The concept of linear regression equation is put into use to gain an understanding concerning the sum of association amid the two variables (Heiberger and Holland 2015). Scatter diagram has been used to understand the relationship amid the two variables such as Rate of retention (RR) and Graduation rate (GR). The statistical measures enables in better understanding of the association amid the Graduation Rate (GR) and the (RR) prevailing in the universities. Results: The rate of retention and graduation rate has been computed for the variables through using measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion. To compute the variables, mean value, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values are used. The mean value lays down the location of parameters for the variables. The average value obtained from the variable of 29 universities is illustrated by using mean value. Scatter distribution is computed through using standard deviation. The minimum and maximum values is calculated to provide a notion of the spread of distribution. Below listed table lays down the measurement, Table 1: Table representing measurement of descriptive statistics (Source: Created by author) The scatter diagram is obtained by considering the rate of retention (RR) in the form of independent variable. The scatter diagram is listed below; Figure 1: Figure representing scatter diagram of GR and RR (Source: As created by author) The above stated scatter diagram is derived by undertaking the rate of retention (RR) in the X axis whereas the rate of graduation (GR) in the Y axis. The graphs represent an upward rising trend and states that there remains positive yet direct relationship amongst the variables. The scatter diagram helps in reflecting an increase in the value of rate of retention and simultaneously the value of graduation rate increases (Kahraman and Sar? 2016). A regression equation is put into the use by undertaking the Graduation rate in the form of x variable and the Rate of Retention as Y variable. The outcome of regression analysis is illustrated below; Table 2: Table illustrating the outcomes of regression analysis (Source: As created by author) The regression equation derived from the above stated equation lays down that regression coefficient for rate of retention is 0.284526. Below stated equation lays down the regression equation; Y = 25.4229 + 0.284526*x + e. From the above stated equation, Y illustrates the rate of graduation in the universities and X illustrates the rate of retention. Variable E illustrates the components of random error. The coefficient slope represents the p-value of 6.59*10^-5. It should be noted that the P-value is lower than the level of 0.05. hence, the slope of coefficient is relatively different from 0. The p-value of the interception test represents the value of 0. The p-value is lower than the significance level of = 0.05. It can be concluded that the slope of coefficient is different from zero. Along with this, the value of regression co-efficient derived from the above stated equation represents a positive value. The equation represents positive association amid the two variables such as GR and RR. It can be said that the when the value of graduation rate increases the value of RR also simultaneously increases. The graduation rate and the rate of retention signify an uninterrupted variable. Statistical tool such as correlation co-efficient is used to study the association between the constant variable. A positive value of correlation reflects direct relation whereas the negative value illustrates negative association. Below stated table lays down correlation amid the two variables, Graduation Rate (%) Rate of Retention (%) GR(%) 1 RR(%) 0.670245 1 Table 3: Table illustrating correlation between retention rate and graduation rate (Source: As created by author) The value of correlation coefficient represents 0.670245 and it can be regarded that the variable represents direct relationship between them. The goodness of regression fit model is studied by using the adjusted R-square framework. Table 4: Table representing Adjusted R squared for the regression model (Source As created by author) The adjusted R-Square derived from the framework represents 0.428829. However, it is not regarded as one of the best model in terms of reducing the incidence of errors. As the president of South University, there are concerns associated with the part time online mode of courses. The major responsibility is to improve the online mode of learning in university by working towards improving the part time education for those scholars who does not have the opportunity of attending full time campus facilities. On the other hand, being the president of the Phoenix it is understood that undergraduates of distant learners must be offered elasticity with certification programme, which helps in keeping in stay with the interested course associated with work and some occasionally even easier to impart learnings under innovative programmes. Discussion: The data analysis provides the idea that the two variables namely the graduation rate (GR) and retention rate (RR). This represents huge difference between the mean values of the two rates. The computation also represents that the maximum value of rate of retention (RR) is also higher. Thus, the retention rate is higher than the graduation rate (Ko?acz and Grzegorzewski 2016). The results obtained from regression analysis states that there exists a direct relationship between the two variables. This represents that as the value of rate of retention increases the graduation rate also simultaneously increases. Conclusion and recommendations: The report assesses the status of online education in the universities of United States. The outcomes of analysis reflect that the rate of graduation is relatively higher in contrast to the rate of retention. Below listed are the recommendations derived from this study; 1.From the analysis, it is found that the adjusted R-Square derived from the regression analysis is relatively small. Thus, the regression model is not the best fitting model and the results derived from the regression analysis provides raw measurement of the dataset. 2.The sample size of research is small with only 29-sample size. Thus, the research could have been more effective if better procedure of sampling is considered. References Afifi, A.A. and Azen, S.P., 2014.Statistical analysis: a computer oriented approach. Academic press. Deshpande, S., Gogtay, N.J. and Thatte, U.M., 2016. Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion.Journal of The Association of Physicians of India,64, p.64. Heiberger, R.M. and Holland, B., 2015.Statistical analysis and data display: an intermediate course with examples in R. Springer. Kahraman, C. and Sar?, ?.U., 2016. Fuzzy Central Tendency Measures. InFuzzy Statistical Decision-Making(pp. 65-83). Springer International Publishing. Ko?acz, A. and Grzegorzewski, P., 2016. Measures of dispersion for multidimensional data.European Journal of Operational Research,251(3), pp.930-937.

Barack Obamas 2007 Border Protection Paper

Barack Obamas 2007 Border Protection Paper Free Online Research Papers One of the purposes of the United States’ border policy is to protect the citizens of this great country from non-citizens who intend to harm or acts of violence against those within its borders. The main goal of this policy is to know, at all times, who is inside the massive national borders that stretch all the way from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, covering thousands of miles of land. About one million immigrants arrive in the United States legally every year. Yet every year there are also an estimated 800,000 people who enter this country illegally, or illegally overstay their visa (â€Å"Immigration and the Border† par. 4). This means that nearly one out of every two immigrants that are in the United States is here illegally. There is basically no record of where they are and what they doing here. This could potentially have a tremendously negative effect on what the United States is so proudly known for: a strong economy, a safe home for its citizens, fair and equal employment, and a free people. With so many illegal aliens within our borde rs, it is unclear how safe the American people really are since it is unclear what these alien’s intentions are in the United States. The United States currently has a very poor immigration policy that is in desperate need of a change. Particularly, The United States needs to reform its border protection policy under the plan of presidential candidate Barck Obama in order to create safer borders for its citizens. There are many problems with how the United States is currently protecting its borders. One major problem is a very poor surveillance system along its boundary line, especially along the southern border. A critical network of cameras and sensors installed for the U.S. Border Patrol along the Mexican and Canadian borders has been hobbled for years by defective equipment that was poorly installed (â€Å"GSA sees problems in border monitors† par. 1). This is a huge problem which United States officials call crucial to defending the country against terrorist infiltrators, which are often illegal aliens (â€Å"GSA sees problems in border monitors† par. 2). As part of a sweeping intelligence bill passed in December (2005), Congress suggested to nearly double the size of the Border Patrol by adding 10,000 agents over five years. The agency has about 11,000 agents; 90% work along the southern border with Mexico (â€Å"2,000 new border agents arent part of the budget, Ridg e says† par. 3). But without the proper surveillance, is becomes extremely difficult, no matter how many border agents there are, to monitor the almost 2,000 miles of United States-Mexican border. This does not include the almost 2,000 miles of coastal borders and 4,000 miles of Canadian borders, which also have similar, yet less troublesome, surveillance issues. There is simply too much land to cover by manpower alone. The United States Customs and Border Protection Agency is in desperate need of new technology and more patrol agents. President George Bush’s administration announced a plan to reform current immigration and border policies on August 10, 2007. His administration made known their plan to have a series of reforms to address current immigration and border problems, such as the abundance of illegal aliens in the United States. One of President Bush’s plans in the announcement was to add 370 miles of fencing to the currently 86 miles along the borders of the United States (â€Å"Comprehensive Immigration Reform† par 3). This is simply not enough fencing to adequately protect the American citizens. In fact, adding 370 miles of fence will still leave almost 1500 miles of the United States-Mexican border unfenced, and thousands more unfenced along the United States-Canadian border. This nation cannot take the risk of having so much of the northern border unprotected by the fence. There needs to be sufficient fencing around all borders of the United States, no matter which country the border is shared with. Another one of President Bush’s border control plans announced in August 2007 was to increase the number of border agents to 18,500 by the end of 2008 (â€Å"Comprehensive Immigration Reform† par 3. The idea of adding more border agents seems good at first, but in reality is not. Adding almost 6,000 more border agents to the current ones in about one year’s time will only give the United States 6,000 more ways to waste money. It takes a great deal of time to train border agents. Border agents undergo a rigorous application and hiring process that includes drug screenings, fitness tests, and on-the-job instruction. Rushing to interview, hire, train, and employ 6,000 agents in a year will only make things more complicated because the new border agents will not fully understand the tasks and duties of their job. President Bush’s administration should take another look at what truly needs to be done to protect the American people. Since their August 20 07 announcement, there have been few changes or proposals by President George Bush for the reform of current immigration and border policies. In fact, President Bush’s primary website, www.whitehouse.gov, has not seen an update in the immigration portion since the day he announced a plan for amending the current border control situation. There needs to be a change in the leadership of our country. Barack Obama is the man that will steer the United States back on the right track of a safe home for all its citizens. In an online article published by Senator Christopher Bond on October 18, 2001, he writes, â€Å"While nine of the 19 suspected (September 11th) terrorists apparently came to this country legally, three others stayed here beyond their visa deadlines. Six other terrorists somehow entered this country without leaving any records behind them† (â€Å"Safer Borders† par. 2). People are getting into the United States too easily. Almost half of September 11, 2001, terrorists were illegal aliens. It seems impossible that out of 19 immigrants coming into this country, nine were here illegally. And of those nine illegal aliens, our government has no idea how six of them entered the United States. These illegal aliens later went on to deploy the largest terrorist attack ever on American soil. If the United States had a better immigration policy that included a plan for safe and protected borders, thousands of Americans might still be alive today. Senator Barack Obama plans to run for United States President in 2008 with a primary goal of reforming the outdated and insecure immigration and border policy. The national borders are less secure than ever. More than a million illegal immigrants have slipped into the United States in the past few years, raising the total in the country to 7 million (â€Å"INS: 7 million illegal immigrants in the United States† par. 1). Illegal aliens create uneasiness in the back of American’s minds after the September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade Center in New York City. This is because American people wonder why, exactly, are immigrants here illegally in the first place. Besides the law-abiding aliens that simply overstay their visa, why exactly would one want to enter this country illegally if one was only here for perfectly legal actions? It is this feeling of being unsure that worries Americans. Barack Obama is exactly what the American people need right now. He is a strong leader with a plan in mind to secure our national borders and prevent an unsafe country. His plan includes adding additional personnel, infrastructure, and technology on the border, as well as having additional Customs and Border Protection agents equipped with better technology and real-time intelligence (â€Å"Immigration and the Border† par. 2). His plan will restore the United States to the safe and secure nation it once was. In a speech given by Barack Obama to the Senate on May 23, 2007, he says, â€Å"To fix the (immigration) system in a way that does not require us to revisit the same problem in twenty years, I continue to believe that we need stronger enforcement on the border and at the workplace.† (â€Å"Senator Obama’s Senate Speech on the Immigration Reform Bill† par. 8). Barack Obama’s plan for improvement along the border is one that will be long-term and beneficial for many years to come. As mentioned, he does not want to visit the same immigration and border control problems twenty years from now. Hiring and putting to work 6,000 border control agents in one year is exactly the type of situation Barack Obama is trying to avoid. If the United States does attempt to interview, hire, train, and employ 6,000 border control agents in that time as President Bush wants, they can expect to be revisiting the same border problems many years down the line because the empl oyees will not be adequately trained or have enough field experience to understand how to fully protect the borders. Barack Obama knows that rushing to get border control situation fixed is not the best way to do things. Fixing major problems like border protection takes time. He knows that using careful planning and strategic ideas in regards to the border will give the citizens of the United States what they want and need: stronger national security. In fact, increasing enforcement along the border is just one of Barack Obama’s many ways of improving national security. Another way Barack Obama is going to improve national security is by adding additional infrastructure along the borders of the United States. He plans to add additional fencing along the nation’s boundaries, but in a way that suffices the immediate needs of the American people, unlike President Bush’s plan. One of Barack Obama’s key plans to improve border control, if elected president, is to take immediate action on the United State’s first line of defense: its protective fencing. While in the Senate, he voted to construct a 700-mile fence along the United States-Mexican border and continues to suggest more fencing along other areas. Barack Obama understands that fencing is the first line of offense against any unwanted illegal aliens that could possibly want to enter the United States and cause harm to the American people. Protective fencing keeps people from simply walking across the border into this nation and doing whatever they please. It, inst ead, forces people to go through Customs and legally cross borders. United States Customs does not allow the transfer of guns and drugs across borders, furthermore protecting its citizens. As the single unified border agency of the United States, the Customs and Border Patrol mission is vitally important to the protection of America and the American people (â€Å"Mission† par. 2). Without adequate protective fencing, the ease of entrance into the United States notably increases. Yet another part of presidential candidate Barack Obama’s plan to improve border safety is to increase how technology is used in protecting the United States. As mentioned previously, there are many problems with outdated technology that border patrol is using. The surveillance cameras are often defective or poorly installed. If under our current border safety practices we do not have enough agents patrolling the national borders, or long enough fencing, the only thing that could help the protect the American people from illegal intruders into the United States in technology, such as surveillance cameras and motion sensors. So what is the last line of defense? There is none. Simply put, technology is one of the greatest weapons against unwanted illegal aliens entering this country. Technology can do things human beings cannot. Such as operating twenty-four hours a day seven days a week and see in the dark during the blackness of night. Barack Obama will increase push for advancements in technology to be used by border patrol agents (â€Å"Immigration and the Border† par. 2). Under his plan, technology will be one of the primary defenses against illegal aliens. For example, surveillance cameras will inform border patrol agents of any suspicious activity and motion sensors will surface any attempts for an illegal underground border cross. However, there is much room to improve on since the current technology system is so poor and has become obsolete under President Bush. Barack Obama has a solid plan for reforming the current border protection plan. He understands it will take time, patience, money, and support of all the American people. However, he is clear and concise about how he will improve the United State’s borders. He is a strong leader with a great plan in mind to secure our national borders and prevent an unsafe country from becoming even more dangerous. His ideas of adding additional personnel, infrastructure, and technology on the border, as well as having additional Customs and Border Protection agents equipped with better technology and real-time intelligence is precisely what needs to be done to improve on the safety of Americans. The citizens of the United States are scared about who is coming and going from their country because they know that the attack on America September 11, 2001, could have been prevented with stronger border protection policies. Since that tragic day, few things have changed. There are still almo st 800,000 immigrants illegally entering this country every year. New leadership is needed. A nation as strong as the United States should not have citizens living with fear for their own safety. This is why having an uncompromising, yet personable and compassionate leader like Barack Obama will only do good things. His plan is long-term, smart, and obtainable. There are many things the current border protection policy needs to have changed. The wellbeing of the United States is at risk, and Barack Obama should be leading it to a safer, more protected society with his border protection reform plan, starting the fall of 2008. Research Papers on Barack Obama's 2007 Border Protection PaperAmnesty For Illegal Immigrants Yes or No?Obama vs. McCain History EssayThe Obama Presidency EssayMr. Obama and IranMy Air force EssayCombating Human TraffickingGovernment Funding EssayThe Rise and Fall of Napoleon BonaparteHistory of American Policing EssayThe Equal Rights Amendment

Friendship According to Rowson and Brown †Literature Essay

Friendship According to Rowson and Brown – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Friendship According to Rowson and Brown Literature Essay Friendship, according to some literature of the late 1700’s, seems to serve as a reprieve to those in need of advice or comfort, and as a duty for those who are able to give either. Friendship offers a salvation to those who do not know which way to turn when it comes to love and life, as well as those with any number of faults or problems who need help in making important decisions and someone to turn to when they are facing complications in life. The importance of friendship and support among women is explicitly demonstrated by William Hill Brown in The Power of Sympathy, Susanna Rowson in Charlotte Temple, and Charles Brockden Brown in Ormond. As each of these authors demonstrate, alliances and love shared between women are essential for the survival, and for the happiness, of women at a time of such revolutionary change. Friendship in Brown’s The Power of Sympathy is exhibited as the source of advice and intelligence. In her letters to her friends Myra and Harriot, Mrs. Holmes constantly gives advice against the wiles of men and the dangers of seduction. Mrs. Holmes attempts to warn her friends against the dangers of naivetà © and to promote the power of education, telling them to keep their innocence and to recognize the importance of learning. She also attempts to warn Harriot of the dangers of her relationship with Harrington, eventually telling Harriot of her sibling connection with Harrington when her subtler endeavors fail. Mrs. Holmes takes it upon herself to tell the truth when it comes to the good and protection of her friend Harriot, revealing the truth no matter how much it pains her to do so. In this way, Brown demonstrates how friendship can serve as a resource for women, as a forum for advice and for the truth. Mrs. Holmes takes her duties as a friend to these women seriou sly and warns them against the dangers they are up against, even though the outcome is not to be desired. In this instance, as well as in others found in literature of the time, friendship is a source of protection, and will be essential when it comes to survival and pleasure in life. True friendship is emphasized as the only type of relationship women should place faith into in Rowson’s Charlotte Temple, and is illustrated as an element of one’s life which can either aid or ruin a vulnerable woman during her time of need. Friendship has the opportunity to save a broken woman or to lead her into misery, the latter of which is illustrated in Charlotte’s relationship with Mademoiselle La Rue. La Rue takes advantage of Charlotte’s trust in her friendship by using her as a ticket out of England. La Rue does not protect or advise Charlotte in a manner beneficial to her situation, but instead places Charlotte at risk, harming her and serving as an example of a woman not doing her duty as a friend. In this instance, friendship does not work the way it is supposed to, and has devastating effects for Charlotte. However, La Rue’s false friendship does not go unpunished, as she eventually ends up in misery, devastated as a result of he r scheming. Had she been a friend the way Rowson and other eighteenth-century authors believed a woman should have been, La Rue could have protected Charlotte or warned her to stay away from Montraville. Perhaps then, La Rue and Charlotte would have encountered much happier endings. Through La Rue’s actions and eventual failure and misery, Rowson bestows on her readers a lesson of the importance of friendship, showing the ill-effects that can arise when friendship is not used correctly. The good consequences of friendship are demonstrated in Charlotte Temple through Charlotte’s other real friendships, which she eventually finds in America. Charlotte’s friendship with her neighbor, Mrs. Beauchamp, serves to sustain her during her lonely days outside of New York, and brings her an ounce of happiness at a time when she has little else to live for and when everyone else seemed to have forsaken her. Mrs. Beauchamp is there to lift Charlotte’s spirits, and she is willing to help her in any way she possibly can. In fact, if Mrs. Beauchamp had been around when Charlotte is forced to leave her home, she could have undoubtedly given her the reprieve she needed and prevented the despair and fatigue which eventually kills her. Mrs. Beauchamp could have saved Charlotte’s life. Friendship could have had the power to save Charlotte’s life. The saving power of friendship is demonstrated in Charles Brockden Brown’s Ormond as well. Constantia has a healing effect on Helena when she is in most need of a friend, and she even goes so far as to appeal to Ormond to marry Helena to save her reputation and her happiness. Undoubtedly, Constantia’s friendship serves to raise Helena’s spirits, keeping her from her melancholy fate as long as possible. Although Helena eventually ends her life, it is not Constantia who causes such a dire even to happen; Constantia can not even fathom a relationship with Ormond which would come between him and her friend Helena. All Constantia desires is to help her friend, and she does so by offering her kindness, advice, and help when it is most needed. Again, friendship is a place for a woman to turn, and serves as a bright spot in an existence which in this case is full of misery. Even though her friendship could not prevent Helena’s death, Constantia is there to m ake her life better and to offer her protection and love for a short time. The success of friendship as protection and reprieve is also demonstrated in Ormond, through the friendship between Constantia and Sophia. The devotion between Constantia and Sophia is demonstrated over and over in Ormond, and Sophia’s concern for the welfare of her friend continues to be proven throughout the later section of the work. Through the relationship between the two, Brown seems to be supporting the idea that it is up to women and their concern and care for each other to serve as protectors and sources of aid and advice for each other. Not only do Constantia and Sophia derive enjoyment from being in each others’ company, but in the end of the work, Sophia comes to Constantia’s aid when she is locked in the mansion. Sophia goes to every extreme to protect Constantia from the malice of Ormond, hurrying to her side when she suspects or senses any danger and being there for her when she is in need. Sophia even travels across the ocean to find her frie nd, yearning to help her when hearing of Craig’s betrayal of Constantia’s family and her and her father’s poverty and bad luck. While Ormond offers Constantia nothing but threats and more sorrow, Sophia sacrifices her time and safety in order to help her friend. At a time when Constantia has no where to look for help, at least emotionally, she has a friend to count on, demonstrating that friendships between women are the best source of support among women. Again, friendships between women are expressed as the answer, as the haven for protection, advice, and happiness. As men in these works continued to seduce and hurt women, it is up to women to bond together to offer each other the companionship and love they may otherwise lack. The authors of these works seem to be supporting the idea that women should learn to turn to each other when in need, and that men have little to offer when it comes to comfort and safety. The works seems to serve as warning to women readers, advising them to seek the happiness essential to life not through their relationships with men, but in their friendships with women. Only by finding a friend worth trusting and by being a woman others can call a friend, can a woman find happiness in such a world of danger and unceasing change. Research Papers on Friendship According to Rowson and Brown - Literature EssayThe Fifth HorsemanMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Personal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part One

Declination of Sufism among Muslims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Declination of Sufism among Muslims - Essay Example These powers are attributed to them under the guidelines of Quran and Sunnah. The most important aspect is that the disciples of Sufis take up the path of peace or even armed jehad for Shariatisation of the whole world as their mission. "Seekers of Tawhid should strive to dedicate themselves to the Prophet Mohammad, so much so that their entire selves, including their hearts and their spirits, were free of thoughts other than of God" (Saiyied Athar Abbas Rizvi 178). Even though Sufism is popular, history bears witness that several attempts have been made to suppress Sufism. There have been attempts to use even physical force and violence to suppress Sufism. This paper discusses some of the reasons for declination of Sufism among Muslims. The concept of Sufism was mainly intended to focus the mystic power on the spiritual dimension of Islam with the purpose to shield the believers from the superficial and unrealistic dogma of the faith. In other words it can be said that mysticism is a realistic spiritual discipline particularly based on the insight of illuminated seekers of reality or truth. Besides, it can be said that it is a mission of higher religious order of any faith, which disdains conflict and violence in any form. The ultimate goal is joy of self-realization which is generally experienced after a long spiritual practice (Upadhyay n. pag). Ev Even after the popularity of Sufism, there are several instances where the Sufi practices are suppressed using violence. There are several reasons for this and in spite of varied debates and modernist and reformist attempts to separate or dissociate Sufism from Islam. Take for example in orthodox Islam, according to Najaf, the object of creation is the worship of God," This is an association of subordination or in other words - a one-way association in which God is the master and the devotee is the slave. On the other hand Sufis argue opposing the view of orthodox Islam that God should be worshipped not because of the fear that you will be punished if you did not worship, rather God should be worshiped because of the love that an individual feels for God. The main ideology of Sufi is love. As a result, Sufis believe that there exists equality among all people and everyone irrespective of gender or place in the social order is capable of expressing his or her love for God, and that su rpasses religious associations (Dalrymple n. pag). One of the main theme in the ideology and activities of contemporary Sunni Islamist movements is a deep-rooted opposition to Sufism. The reason for suppression of Sufism is the modernist approach to knowledge or disdain of what cannot be scientifically explained led to the dismissal Sufism too. The mutual rivalry between these groups has become prominent in the modern setting of heightened political Islamism. The doctrinal roots of opposition to Sufism are found in the important writings of the 13th-century Hanbali 'alim Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyya (Majmu'a Fatawa Shaykh al-IsIam Ahmad ibn Taymiyya). Besides, Ibn Taymiyya in his quest to purify the Muslim faith strongly opposed Sufi pantheism and such practices as the worship of saints and pilgrimages to their shrines (Makdisi 247-251). In the hands of Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, Ibn Taymiyya's restrictions on Sufism was transformed into a popular disapproval and prohibition of the Sufi orders (Shaykh Muhammad Ibn 'Abd